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Standard Library

Binary Data Services

Array Efficient Arrays Of Numeric Values

Bisect Array Bisection Algorithm

Calendar General Calendar Related Functions

Codecs Codec Registry And Base Classes

Collections Container Datatypes

Collections.abc Abstract Base Classes For Containers

Copy Shallow And Deep Copy Operations

Datetime Basic Date And Time Types

Enum Support For Enumerations

Graphlib Functionality To Operate With Graph Like Structures

Heapq Heap Queue Algorithm

Pprint Data Pretty Printer

Reprlib Alternate Repr() Implementation

Struct Interpret Bytes As Packed Binary Data

Types Dynamic Type Creation And Names For Built In Types

Weakref Weak References

Zoneinfo IANA Time Zone Support

Concurrent Execution

Thread Low Level Threading API

Concurrent.futures Launching Parallel Tasks

Contextvars Context Variables

Multiprocessing Process Based Parallelism

Multiprocessing.shared Memory Shared Memory For Direct Access Across Processes

Queue A Synchronized Queue Class

Sched Event Scheduler

Subprocess Subprocess Management

Threading Thread Based Parallelism

Cryptographic Services

Hashlib Secure Hashes And Message Digests

Hmac Keyed Hashing For Message Authentication

Secrets Generate Secure Random Numbers For Managing Secrets

Custom Python Interpreters

Code Interpreter Base Classes

Codeop Compile Python Code

Data Compression And Archiving

Bz2 Support For Bzip2 Compression

Gzip Support For Gzip Files

Lzma Compression Using The LZMA Algorithm

Tarfile Read And Write Tar Archive Files

Zipfile Work With ZIP Archives

Zlib Compression Compatible With Gzip

Data Persistence

Copyreg Register Pickle Support Functions

Dbm Interfaces To Unix Databases

Marshal Internal Python Object Serialization

Pickle Python Object Serialization

Shelve Python Object Persistence

Sqlite3 DB API 2.0 Interface For SQLite Databases

Debugging And Profiling

Bdb Debugger Framework

Faulthandler Dump The Python Traceback

Pdb The Python Debugger

Timeit Measure Execution Time Of Small Code Snippets

Trace Trace Or Track Python Statement Execution

Tracemalloc Trace Memory Allocations

Development Tools

2to3 Automated Python 2 To 3 Code Translation

Doctest Test Interactive Python Examples

Pydoc Documentation Generator And Online Help System

Test Regression Tests Package For Python

Test.support Utilities For The Python Test Suite

Test.support.script Helper Utilities For The Python Test Suite

Typing Support For Type Hints

Unittest Unit Testing Framework

Unittest.mock Getting Started

Unittest.mock Mock Object Library

File Formats

Configparser Configuration File Parser

Csv CSV File Reading And Writing

Netrc Netrc File Processing

Plistlib Generate And Parse Apple .plist Files

Tomllib Parse TOML Files

File And Directory Access

Filecmp File And Directory Comparisons

Fileinput Iterate Over Lines From Multiple Input Streams

Fnmatch Unix Filename Pattern Matching

Glob Unix Style Pathname Pattern Expansion

Linecache Random Access To Text Lines

Os.path Common Pathname Manipulations

Pathlib Object Oriented Filesystem Paths

Shutil High Level File Operations

Stat Interpreting Stat() Results

Tempfile Generate Temporary Files And Directories

Functional Programming Modules

Functools Higher Order Functions And Operations On Callable Objects

Itertools Functions Creating Iterators For Efficient Looping

Operator Standard Operators As Functions

Generic Operating System Services

Argparse Parser For Command Line Options, Arguments And Subcommands

Ctypes A Foreign Function Library For Python

Curses Terminal Handling For Character Cell Displays

Curses.ascii Utilities For ASCII Characters

Curses.panel A Panel Stack Extension For Curses

Curses.textpad Text Input Widget For Curses Programs

Errno Standard Errno System Symbols

Getpass Portable Password Input

Io Core Tools For Working With Streams

Logging Logging Facility For Python

Logging.config Logging Configuration

Logging.handlers Logging Handlers

Os Miscellaneous Operating System Interfaces

Platform Access To Underlying Platform S Identifying Data

Time Time Access And Conversions

Graphical User Interfaces With Tk

Tkinter Python Interface To Tcl Tk

Tkinter.scrolledtext Scrolled Text Widget

Tkinter.tix Extension Widgets For Tk

Tkinter.ttk Tk Themed Widgets

Importing Modules

Importlib The Implementation Of Import

Importlib.abc Abstract Base Classes Related To Import

Importlib.metadata Accessing The Import Metadata

Importlib.resources Resource Reading Using Importers

Importlib.util Utility Code For Importers

Modulefinder Find Modules Used By A Script

Pkgutil Package Extension Utility

Runpy Locate And Run Python Modules Without Importing Them First

Zipimport Import Modules From Zip Archives

Internationalization

Gettext Multilingual Internationalization Services

Locale Internationalization Services

Internet Data Handling

Base64 Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings

Binascii Convert Between Binary And ASCII

Email An Email And MIME Handling Package

Json JSON Encoder And Decoder

Mailbox Manipulate Mailboxes In Various Formats

Mimetypes Map Filenames To MIME Types

Quopri Encode And Decode MIME Quoted Printable Data

Internet Protocols And Support

Ftplib FTP Protocol Client

Http HTTP Modules

Http.client HTTP Protocol Client

Http.cookiejar Cookie Handling For HTTP Clients

Http.cookies HTTP State Management

Http.server HTTP Servers

Imaplib IMAP4 Protocol Client

Ipaddress IPv4 IPv6 Manipulation Library

Nntplib NNTP Protocol Client

Poplib POP3 Protocol Client

Smtplib SMTP Protocol Client

Urllib URL Handling Modules

Urllib.error Exception Classes Raised By Urllib.request

Urllib.parse Parse URLs Into Components

Urllib.request Extensible Library For Opening URLs

Urllib.response Response Classes Used By Urllib

Urllib.robotparser Parser For Robots.txt

Webbrowser Convenient Web Browser Controller

Wsgiref WSGI Utilities And Reference Implementation

Xmlrpc XMLRPC Server And Client Modules

Xmlrpc.client XMLRPC Client Access

Xmlrpc.server Basic XMLRPC Servers

Microsoft Windows Specific Services

Msvcrt Useful Routines From The MS VC++ Runtime

Winreg Windows Registry Access

Winsound Sound Playing Interface For Windows

Miscellaneous Services

Formatter Generic Output Formatting

Multimedia Services

Aifc Read And Write AIFF And AIFC Files

Audioop Manipulate Raw Audio Data

Chunk Read IFF Chunked Data

Colorsys Conversions Between Color Systems

Imghdr Determine The Type Of An Image

Ossaudiodev Access To OSS Compatible Audio Devices

Sndhdr Determine Type Of Sound File

Sunau Read And Write Sun AU Files

Wave Read And Write WAV Files

Networking And Interprocess Communication

Asyncio Asynchronous I O

Mmap Memory Mapped File Support

Select Waiting For I O Completion

Selectors High Level I O Multiplexing

Signal Set Handlers For Asynchronous Events

Socket Low Level Networking Interface

Ssl TLS SSL Wrapper For Socket Objects

Numeric And Mathematical Modules

Cmath Mathematical Functions For Complex Numbers

Decimal Decimal Fixed Point And Floating Point Arithmetic

Fractions Rational Numbers

Math Mathematical Functions

Numbers Numeric Abstract Base Classes

Random Generate Pseudo Random Numbers

Statistics Mathematical Statistics Functions

Program Frameworks

Cmd Support For Line Oriented Command Interpreters

Shlex Simple Lexical Analysis

Turtle Turtle Graphics

Python Language Services

Ast Abstract Syntax Trees

Compileall Byte Compile Python Libraries

Dis Disassembler For Python Bytecode

Keyword Testing For Python Keywords

Parser Access Python Parse Trees

Pickletools Tools For Pickle Developers

Py Compile Compile Python Source Files

Pyclbr Python Class Browser Support

Symtable Access To The Compiler S Symbol Tables

Tabnanny Detection Of Ambiguous Indentation

Token Constants Used With Python Parse Trees

Tokenize Tokenizer For Python Source

Python Runtime Services

Future Future Statement Definitions

Main Top Level Script Environment

Abc Abstract Base Classes

Atexit Exit Handlers

Builtins Built In Objects

Code Interpreter Base Classes

Codeop Compile Python Code

Contextlib Utilities For With Statement Contexts

Dataclasses Data Classes

Gc Garbage Collector Interface

Inspect Inspect Live Objects

Site Site Specific Configuration Hook

Sys System Specific Parameters And Functions

Sysconfig Provide Access To Python S Configuration Information

Traceback Print Or Retrieve A Stack Traceback

Warnings Warning Control

Software Packaging And Distribution

Distutils Building And Installing Python Packages

Ensurepip Bootstrapping The Pip Installer

Venv Creation Of Virtual Environments

Zipapp Manage Executable Python Zip Archives

Structured Markup Processing Tools

Html HyperText Markup Language Support

Html.entities Definitions Of HTML General Entities

Html.parser Simple HTML And XHTML Parser

Superseded Modules

Imp Access The Import Internals

Optparse Parser For Command Line Options

Text Processing Services

Difflib Helpers For Computing Deltas

Re Regular Expression Operations

Readline GNU Readline Interface

Rlcompleter Completion Function For GNU Readline

Stringprep Internet String Preparation

Textwrap Text Wrapping And Filling

Unicodedata Unicode Database

Unix Specific Services

Crypt Function To Check Unix Passwords

Fcntl The Fcntl And Ioctl System Calls

Grp The Group Database

Nis Interface To Sun S NIS (Yellow Pages)

Pipes Interface To Shell Pipelines

Posix The Most Common POSIX System Calls

Pty Pseudo Terminal Utilities

Pwd The Password Database

Resource Resource Usage Information

Spwd The Shadow Password Database

Syslog Unix Syslog Library Routines

Termios POSIX Style Tty Control

Tty Terminal Control Functions

XML Processing Modules

Xml.dom The Document Object Model API

Xml.dom.minidom Minimal DOM Implementation

Xml.dom.pulldom Support For Building Partial DOM Trees

Xml.etree.ElementTree The ElementTree XML API

Xml.parsers.expat Fast XML Parsing Using Expat

Xml.sax Support For SAX2 Parsers

Xml.sax.handler Base Classes For SAX Handlers

Xml.sax.saxutils SAX Utilities

Xml.sax.xmlreader Interface For XML Parsers

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