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Copy Shallow And Deep Copy Operations
Datetime Basic Date And Time Types
Enum Support For Enumerations
Graphlib Functionality To Operate With Graph Like Structures
Heapq Heap Queue Algorithm
Pprint Data Pretty Printer
Reprlib Alternate Repr() Implementation
Struct Interpret Bytes As Packed Binary Data
Types Dynamic Type Creation And Names For Built In Types
Weakref Weak References
Zoneinfo IANA Time Zone Support
Concurrent Execution
Thread Low Level Threading API
Concurrent.futures Launching Parallel Tasks
Contextvars Context Variables
Multiprocessing Process Based Parallelism
Multiprocessing.shared Memory Shared Memory For Direct Access Across Processes
Queue A Synchronized Queue Class
Sched Event Scheduler
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Threading Thread Based Parallelism
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Hmac Keyed Hashing For Message Authentication
Secrets Generate Secure Random Numbers For Managing Secrets
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Bz2 Support For Bzip2 Compression
Gzip Support For Gzip Files
Lzma Compression Using The LZMA Algorithm
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Zipfile Work With ZIP Archives
Zlib Compression Compatible With Gzip
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Copyreg Register Pickle Support Functions
Dbm Interfaces To Unix Databases
Marshal Internal Python Object Serialization
Pickle Python Object Serialization
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Sqlite3 DB API 2.0 Interface For SQLite Databases
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Bdb Debugger Framework
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Pdb The Python Debugger
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Trace Trace Or Track Python Statement Execution
Tracemalloc Trace Memory Allocations
Development Tools
2to3 Automated Python 2 To 3 Code Translation
Doctest Test Interactive Python Examples
Pydoc Documentation Generator And Online Help System
Test Regression Tests Package For Python
Test.support Utilities For The Python Test Suite
Test.support.script Helper Utilities For The Python Test Suite
Typing Support For Type Hints
Unittest Unit Testing Framework
Unittest.mock Getting Started
Unittest.mock Mock Object Library
File Formats
Configparser Configuration File Parser
Csv CSV File Reading And Writing
Netrc Netrc File Processing
Plistlib Generate And Parse Apple .plist Files
Tomllib Parse TOML Files
File And Directory Access
Filecmp File And Directory Comparisons
Fileinput Iterate Over Lines From Multiple Input Streams
Fnmatch Unix Filename Pattern Matching
Glob Unix Style Pathname Pattern Expansion
Linecache Random Access To Text Lines
Os.path Common Pathname Manipulations
Pathlib Object Oriented Filesystem Paths
Shutil High Level File Operations
Stat Interpreting Stat() Results
Tempfile Generate Temporary Files And Directories
Functional Programming Modules
Functools Higher Order Functions And Operations On Callable Objects
Itertools Functions Creating Iterators For Efficient Looping
Operator Standard Operators As Functions
Generic Operating System Services
Argparse Parser For Command Line Options, Arguments And Subcommands
Ctypes A Foreign Function Library For Python
Curses Terminal Handling For Character Cell Displays
Curses.ascii Utilities For ASCII Characters
Curses.panel A Panel Stack Extension For Curses
Curses.textpad Text Input Widget For Curses Programs
Errno Standard Errno System Symbols
Getpass Portable Password Input
Io Core Tools For Working With Streams
Logging Logging Facility For Python
Logging.config Logging Configuration
Logging.handlers Logging Handlers
Os Miscellaneous Operating System Interfaces
Platform Access To Underlying Platform S Identifying Data
Time Time Access And Conversions
Graphical User Interfaces With Tk
Tkinter Python Interface To Tcl Tk
Tkinter.scrolledtext Scrolled Text Widget
Tkinter.tix Extension Widgets For Tk
Tkinter.ttk Tk Themed Widgets
Importing Modules
Importlib The Implementation Of Import
Importlib.abc Abstract Base Classes Related To Import
Importlib.metadata Accessing The Import Metadata
Importlib.resources Resource Reading Using Importers
Importlib.util Utility Code For Importers
Modulefinder Find Modules Used By A Script
Pkgutil Package Extension Utility
Runpy Locate And Run Python Modules Without Importing Them First
Zipimport Import Modules From Zip Archives
Internationalization
Gettext Multilingual Internationalization Services
Locale Internationalization Services
Internet Data Handling
Base64 Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings
Binascii Convert Between Binary And ASCII
Email An Email And MIME Handling Package
Json JSON Encoder And Decoder
Mailbox Manipulate Mailboxes In Various Formats
Mimetypes Map Filenames To MIME Types
Quopri Encode And Decode MIME Quoted Printable Data
Internet Protocols And Support
Ftplib FTP Protocol Client
Http HTTP Modules
Http.client HTTP Protocol Client
Http.cookiejar Cookie Handling For HTTP Clients
Http.cookies HTTP State Management
Http.server HTTP Servers
Imaplib IMAP4 Protocol Client
Ipaddress IPv4 IPv6 Manipulation Library
Nntplib NNTP Protocol Client
Poplib POP3 Protocol Client
Smtplib SMTP Protocol Client
Urllib URL Handling Modules
Urllib.error Exception Classes Raised By Urllib.request
Urllib.parse Parse URLs Into Components
Urllib.request Extensible Library For Opening URLs
Urllib.response Response Classes Used By Urllib
Urllib.robotparser Parser For Robots.txt
Webbrowser Convenient Web Browser Controller
Wsgiref WSGI Utilities And Reference Implementation
Xmlrpc XMLRPC Server And Client Modules
Xmlrpc.client XMLRPC Client Access
Xmlrpc.server Basic XMLRPC Servers
Microsoft Windows Specific Services
Msvcrt Useful Routines From The MS VC++ Runtime
Winreg Windows Registry Access
Winsound Sound Playing Interface For Windows
Miscellaneous Services
Formatter Generic Output Formatting
Multimedia Services
Aifc Read And Write AIFF And AIFC Files
Audioop Manipulate Raw Audio Data
Chunk Read IFF Chunked Data
Colorsys Conversions Between Color Systems
Imghdr Determine The Type Of An Image
Ossaudiodev Access To OSS Compatible Audio Devices
Sndhdr Determine Type Of Sound File
Sunau Read And Write Sun AU Files
Wave Read And Write WAV Files
Networking And Interprocess Communication
Asyncio Asynchronous I O
Mmap Memory Mapped File Support
Select Waiting For I O Completion
Selectors High Level I O Multiplexing
Signal Set Handlers For Asynchronous Events
Socket Low Level Networking Interface
Ssl TLS SSL Wrapper For Socket Objects
Numeric And Mathematical Modules
Cmath Mathematical Functions For Complex Numbers
Decimal Decimal Fixed Point And Floating Point Arithmetic
Fractions Rational Numbers
Math Mathematical Functions
Numbers Numeric Abstract Base Classes
Random Generate Pseudo Random Numbers
Statistics Mathematical Statistics Functions
Program Frameworks
Cmd Support For Line Oriented Command Interpreters
Shlex Simple Lexical Analysis
Turtle Turtle Graphics
Python Language Services
Ast Abstract Syntax Trees
Compileall Byte Compile Python Libraries
Dis Disassembler For Python Bytecode
Keyword Testing For Python Keywords
Parser Access Python Parse Trees
Pickletools Tools For Pickle Developers
Py Compile Compile Python Source Files
Pyclbr Python Class Browser Support
Symtable Access To The Compiler S Symbol Tables
Tabnanny Detection Of Ambiguous Indentation
Token Constants Used With Python Parse Trees
Tokenize Tokenizer For Python Source
Python Runtime Services
Future Future Statement Definitions
Main Top Level Script Environment
Abc Abstract Base Classes
Atexit Exit Handlers
Builtins Built In Objects
Code Interpreter Base Classes
Codeop Compile Python Code
Contextlib Utilities For With Statement Contexts
Dataclasses Data Classes
Gc Garbage Collector Interface
Inspect Inspect Live Objects
Site Site Specific Configuration Hook
Sys System Specific Parameters And Functions
Sysconfig Provide Access To Python S Configuration Information
Traceback Print Or Retrieve A Stack Traceback
Warnings Warning Control
Software Packaging And Distribution
Distutils Building And Installing Python Packages
Ensurepip Bootstrapping The Pip Installer
Venv Creation Of Virtual Environments
Zipapp Manage Executable Python Zip Archives
Structured Markup Processing Tools
Html HyperText Markup Language Support
Html.entities Definitions Of HTML General Entities
Html.parser Simple HTML And XHTML Parser
Superseded Modules
Imp Access The Import Internals
Optparse Parser For Command Line Options
Text Processing Services
Difflib Helpers For Computing Deltas
Re Regular Expression Operations
Readline GNU Readline Interface
Rlcompleter Completion Function For GNU Readline
Stringprep Internet String Preparation
Textwrap Text Wrapping And Filling
Unicodedata Unicode Database
Unix Specific Services
Crypt Function To Check Unix Passwords
Fcntl The Fcntl And Ioctl System Calls
Grp The Group Database
Nis Interface To Sun S NIS (Yellow Pages)
Pipes Interface To Shell Pipelines
Posix The Most Common POSIX System Calls
Pty Pseudo Terminal Utilities
Pwd The Password Database
Resource Resource Usage Information
Spwd The Shadow Password Database
Syslog Unix Syslog Library Routines
Termios POSIX Style Tty Control
Tty Terminal Control Functions
XML Processing Modules
Xml.dom The Document Object Model API
Xml.dom.minidom Minimal DOM Implementation
Xml.dom.pulldom Support For Building Partial DOM Trees
Xml.etree.ElementTree The ElementTree XML API
Xml.parsers.expat Fast XML Parsing Using Expat
Xml.sax Support For SAX2 Parsers
Xml.sax.handler Base Classes For SAX Handlers
Xml.sax.saxutils SAX Utilities
Xml.sax.xmlreader Interface For XML Parsers
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Functional Programming Modules
Programming / Python / Standard Library / Functional Programming Modules
Browse the contents of this section:
Tutorials
Functools Higher Order Functions And Operations On Callable Objects
Itertools Functions Creating Iterators For Efficient Looping
Operator Standard Operators As Functions